• Purity

  >97%, by SDS-PAGE under reducing conditions and visualized by silver stain.

• Endotoxin Level

  <0.10 EU per 1 μg of the protein by the LAL method.  

• Activity

  Measured by its ability to chemoattract BaF3 mouse pro‑B cells transfected with human CXCR2. The ED    ₅₀ for this effect is 0.8-4 ng/mL.

• Source

  E. coli-derived Asn29-Lys96

• Accession #

• N-terminal Sequence    
  Analysis

  Asn29

• Predicted Molecular Mass

  7.5 kDa

Carrier Free

What does CF mean?

CF stands for Carrier Free (CF). We typically add Bovine Serum Albumin (BSA) as a carrier protein to our recombinant proteins. Adding a carrier protein enhances protein stability, increases shelf-life, and allows the recombinant protein to be stored at a more dilute concentration. The carrier free version does not contain BSA.

What formulation is right for me?

In general, we advise purchasing the recombinant protein with BSA for use in cell or tissue culture, or as an ELISA standard. In contrast, the carrier free protein is recommended for applications, in which the presence of BSA could interfere.

Background: CXCL1/GRO alpha/KC/CINC-1

CXCL1, also known as KC, GRO alpha, and CINC-1, is an approximately 8 kDa proinflammatory chemokine that plays a key role in neutrophil migration and activation (1). Mature mouse CXCL1 shares 64% and 92% aa sequence identity with human and rat CXCL1, respectively [oquendo 4133, ryseck 266, cochran 939]. It is produced by many cell types in inflammatory sites and during chronic inflammatory diseases (1). CXCL1 can associate into bioactive dimers and primarily signals through CXCR2/IL-8 RB but can also bind with lower affinity to CXCR2/IL-8 RA (5-7). It induces neutrophil migration, extravasation, respiratory burst, and degranulation and also induces T cells to produce proinflammatory IL-17 (6, 8, 9). CXCL1 additionally binds to Syndecan-1 on epithelial cells which acts as a sink for CXCL1 activity until Syndecan-1 cleavage by MMP-7 (10). CXCL1 is up-regulated in spinal cord astrocytes by inflammatory stimuli or tumor cell injection, and it exacerbates pain sensation by potentiating excitatory NMDA neurotransmission (11, 12). In the circulatory system, CXCL1 interacts with CXCR2 on endothelial cells to promote lymphatic tube formation and angiogenesis (13, 14). It promotes the hypertrophic differentiation of chondrocytes resulting in cartilage matrix deposition, calcification, and remodeling (15). It interacts with both CXCR1 and CXCR2 on adipose stromal cells and promotes their recruitment to prostate tumors in obese patients (16). It also binds CXCR2 on ovarian cancer cells, leading to cleavage of cell surface HB-EGF, transactivation of EGF R, and cell proliferation (17).

• References:

1. Strieter, R.M. et al. (2005) Cytokine Growth Factor Rev. 16:593.

2. Cochran, B.H. et al. (1983) Cell 33:939.

3. Oquendo, P. et al. (1989) J. Biol. Chem. 264:4133.

4. Ryseck, R.P. et al. (1989) Exp. Cell Res. 180:266.

5. Sawant, K.V. et al. (2015) J. Innate Immun. 7:647.

6. Geiser, T. et al. (1993) J. Biol. Chem. 268:15419.

7. Ahuja, S.K. and P.M. Murphy (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271:20545.

8. Jin, L. et al. (2014) J. Immunol. 193:3549.

9. De Filippo, K. et al. (2013) Blood 121:4930.

10. Gill, S.E. et al. (2016) Am. J. Respir. Cell. Mol. Biol. PMID 26934670.

11. Cao, D.-L. et al. (2014) Exp. Neurol. 261:328.

12. Xu, J. et al. (2014) J. Neuroinflamm. 11:38.

13. Xu, J. et al. (2012) Int. J. Cancer 130:787.

14. Miyake, M. et al. (2013) Lab. Invest. 93:768.

15. Merz, D. et al. (2003) J. Immunol. 171:4406.

16. Zhang, T. et al. (2016) Nat. Commun. 7:11674.

17. Bolitho, C. et al. (2010) Endocr. Relat. Cancer 17:929.

• Entrez Gene IDs:

  2919 (Human); 14825 (Mouse); 81503 (Rat)

• Alternate Names:

  CINC1; CINC-1; CXCL1; GRO alpha; KC; MGSA-alpha