• Species Reactivity

  Human

• Specificity

  Detects human Pleiotrophin/PTN in ELISAs. In direct ELISAs, no cross-reactivity with recombinant mouse Pleiotrophin/PTN or recombinant human Midkine is observed.

• Source

  Monoclonal Rat IgG    _2B Clone # 851406

• Purification

  Protein A or G purified from hybridoma culture supernatant

• Immunogen

  S. frugiperda insect ovarian cell line     Sf 21-derived recombinant human Pleiotrophin/PTN    
  Gly33-Asp168    
  Accession # P21246

• Formulation

  Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution in PBS with Trehalose. *Small pack size (SP) is supplied as a 0.2 µm filtered solution in PBS.

• Label

  Unconjugated

Applications

• 
  

  Recommended    
  Concentration

  Sample

• Immunocytochemistry

  8-25 µg/mL

  See below

• 
  

Please Note: Optimal dilutions should be determined by each laboratory for each application.  are available in the Technical Information section on our website.

Data Examples

Preparation and Storage

• Reconstitution

  Sterile PBS to a final concentration of 0.5 mg/mL.

• Shipping

  The product is shipped at ambient temperature. Upon receipt, store it immediately at the temperature recommended below. *Small pack size (SP) is shipped with polar packs. Upon receipt, store it immediately at -20 to -70 °C

• Stability & Storage

  Use a manual defrost freezer and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.    

• 12 months from date of receipt, -20 to -70 °C as supplied.

• 1 month, 2 to 8 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.

• 6 months, -20 to -70 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.

Background: Pleiotrophin/PTN

Pleiotrophin (PTN), also called heparin-binding growth-associated molecule (HB-GAM), heparin-binding neurotrophic factor (HBNF), heparin-affinity regulatory peptide (HARP), or osteoblast-specific factor (OSF-1), is an 18 kDa secreted, strongly heparin-binding, developmentally regulated cytokine (1 ‑ 3). PTN and Midkine share 50% amino acid (aa) sequence identity, share some functions, and constitute a family (1 ‑ 3). The second of two TSP1 domains contains the highest affinity binding site for heparin (4, 5). A 15 kDa form which lacks the C-terminus is mitogenic for glioblastoma cells, while full-length PTN is not (6). PTN is a highly conserved protein; human, mouse, rat, canine, porcine, equine and bovine PTN share 98% aa sequence identity or greater. During development, PTN is involved in development of brain, bone, and organs undergoing branching morphogenesis (3). In the adult, it is induced by PDGF and upregulated in many cancers, hematopoietic stem cells and tissues undergoing remodeling (7 ‑ 10). Cell surface receptors for PTN include Syndecan-3 (which mediates neurite outgrowth) and the receptor tyrosine phosphatase PTPRB, also called RPTP beta / zeta (3, 11 ‑ 13). Heparin binding is necessary for engaging these receptors (7, 8). PTN causes PTPRB dimerization and inactivates its phosphatase activity, which allows increased tyrosine phosphorylation of its substrates (12 ‑ 14). One such substrate is the WNT pathway molecule beta -catenin, allowing crosstalk of PTN with WNTs (12). PTN activation of the receptor ALK (anaplastic lymphoma kinase) is indirect through PTPRB, and mediates mitogenic, transforming and angiogenic activities of PTN (2, 5, 6, 13). Increased expression of PTN is correlated with neuronal development or stresses such as brain ischemia and Parkinson’s disease (2, 3, 7, 8). Both PTN and Midkine have demonstrated bactericidal activity, but only in the absence of heparin (15).  

• References:

  References    
     

1. Naito, A. et al. (1992) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 183:701.

2. Perez-Pinera, P. et al. (2008) Curr. Opin. Hematol. 15:210.

3. Weng, T. and L. Liu (2010) Respir. Res. 11:80.

4. Raulo, E. et al. (2005) J. Biol. Chem. 280:41576.

5. Hamma-Kourbali, Y. et al. (2008) J. Cell. Physiol. 214:250.

6. Lu, K.V. et al. (2005) J. Biol. Chem. 280:16953.

7. Yeh, H-J. et al. (1998) J. Neurosci. 18:3699.

8. Marchionini, D.M. et al. (2007) Brain Res. 1147:77.

9. Chang, Y. et al. (2007) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 104:10888.

10. Himburg, H.A. et al. (2010) Nat. Med. 16:475.

11. Kinnunen, T. et al. (1996) J. Biol. Chem. 271:2243.

12. Meng, K. et al. (2000) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 97:2603.

13. Perez-Pinera, P. et al. (2007) J. Biol. Chem. 282:28683.

14. Fukada, M. et al. (2006) FEBS Lett. 580:4051.

15. Svensson, S.L. et al. (2010) J. Biol. Chem. 285:16105.

• Entrez Gene IDs:

  5764 (Human)

• Alternate Names:

  HARP; HBBM; HB-GAM; HBGF8; HBNF; HBNF1; HBNF-1; Heparin-binding brain mitogen; HNGF-8; NEGF1HBGF-8; neurite growth-promoting factor 1; neurite growth-promoting factor1); OSF-1; Osteoblast-specific factor 1; Pleiotrophin; PTN