• Species Reactivity

  Human

• Specificity

  Detects human GDF-11/BMP-11 in direct ELISAs. In direct ELISAs, no cross-reactivity with recombinant human BMP-6 or recombinant mouse GDF-8 is observed.

• Source

  Monoclonal Mouse IgG    ₁ Clone # 743833

• Purification

  Protein A or G purified from hybridoma culture supernatant

• Immunogen

  E. coli-derived recombinant human GDF-11/BMP-11    
  Asn299-Ser407    
  Accession # O95390

• Formulation

  Lyophilized from a 0.2 μm filtered solution in PBS with Trehalose. *Small pack size (SP) is supplied as a 0.2 µm filtered solution in PBS.

• Label

  Unconjugated

Applications

• 
  

  Recommended    
  Concentration

  Sample

• Immunohistochemistry

  8-25 µg/mL

  See below

• 
  

Please Note: Optimal dilutions should be determined by each laboratory for each application.  are available in the Technical Information section on our website.

Data Examples

Preparation and Storage

• Reconstitution

  Sterile PBS to a final concentration of 0.5 mg/mL.

• Shipping

  The product is shipped at ambient temperature. Upon receipt, store it immediately at the temperature recommended below. *Small pack size (SP) is shipped with polar packs. Upon receipt, store it immediately at -20 to -70 °C

• Stability & Storage

  Use a manual defrost freezer and avoid repeated freeze-thaw cycles.    

• 12 months from date of receipt, -20 to -70 °C as supplied.

• 1 month, 2 to 8 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.

• 6 months, -20 to -70 °C under sterile conditions after reconstitution.

Background: GDF-11/BMP-11

Growth Differentiation Factor 11 (GDF-11), also known as BMP-11, is a member of the TGF-beta superfamily and is highly related to GDF-8. GDF-11 encodes a 407 amino acid (aa) prepropeptide which contains a signal sequence for secretion and an RXXR proteolytic processing site to yield a 109 aa residue carboxy-terminal mature protein (1). Mature GDF-11 contains the canonical 7-cysteine motif common to other TGF-beta superfamily members; however, like the TGF-beta s, Activins and GDF-8, GDF-11 also contains one extra pair of cysteine residues. At the amino acid sequence level, mature human, mouse, rat and chicken GDF-11 are 99‑100% identical. GDF-11 and GDF-8 share 90% amino acid sequence identity within the mature protein. As detected by in situ hybridization, GDF-11 is expressed in diverse regions of the mouse embryo: tailbud, somitic precursors, limbs, mandibular and branchial arches, dorsal neural tube, odontoblasts, nasal epithelium, and particular regions of the brain (1, 2). Likewise, a targeted deletion of GDF-11 in mice results in a spectrum of abnormalities including palatal malformation, vertebral defects, elongated trunks with a reduced or absent tail, missing or malformed kidneys, and an increased number of neurons in the olfactory epithelium (2-5). An intriguing finding in the knockout mice was that the trunk elongation was due to an increase in the number of thoracic vertebrae (4). This implicates GDF-11 as the first secreted factor to influence the specification of segmental identity in vertebrates (3). In fact, GDF-11 does regulate expression of segmental transcription factors, the Hox genes (6). GDF-11 signals through the Activin type II receptors and induces phosphorylation of Smad2 to mediate axial patterning (7). Despite the strong expression in the limb throughout development, no limb abnormalities were found in the knockout mice. However, in vitro micromass studies indicate that GDF-11 inhibits myogenic and chondrogenic cell differentiation and may impact formation and development of the limb skeleton (6).

• References:

1. Gamer, L.W. et al. (1999) Dev. Biol. 208: 222. 

2. Nakashima, M. et al. (1999) Mech. Dev. 80:185.  

3. Gad, J.M. and P.P.L. Tam (1999) Curr. Biol. 9:R783.  

4. McPherron, A.C. et al. (1999) Nat. Genet. 22:260.

5. Esquela, A.F. and S.J. Lee (2003) Dev. Biol. 257:356.

6. Gamer, L.W. et al. (2001) Dev. Biol. 229:407.

7. Oh, S.P. et al. (2002) Genes & Dev. 16:274.

• Long Name:

  Growth Differentiation Factor 11

• Entrez Gene IDs:

  10220 (Human)

• Alternate Names:

  BMP-11; BMP-11BMP11Bone morphogenetic protein 11; GDF11; GDF-11; growth differentiation factor 11; growth/differentiation factor 11