• Purity

  >95%, by SDS-PAGE visualized with Silver Staining and quantitative densitometry by Coomassie® Blue Staining.

• Endotoxin Level

  <0.10 EU per 1 μg of the protein by the LAL method.  

• Activity

  Measured by its ability to induce IL-6 secretion by A375 human melanoma cells. Hibino, T.     et al. (2013) Cancer Res.     73:172. The ED    ₅₀ for this effect is 1.5-6 μg/mL.

• Source

  E. coli-derived

  Mouse S100A8 (Pro2-Glu89) Accession # P27005

  Mouse S100A9 (Ala2-Lys113) Accession # P31725
  N-terminus	C-terminus

• N-terminal Sequence    
  Analysis

  Pro2 (S100A8), Ala2 (S100A9)

• Structure / Form

  Non-covalent heterodimer

• Predicted Molecular Mass

  10 kDa (S100A8), 13 kDa (S100A9)

• SDS-PAGE

  7 kDa and 12 kDa, reducing conditions

Data Images

Background: S100A8/S100A9 Heterodimer

S100A8 (also known as MRP8, Calgranulin A, and CP-10) and S100A9 (also known as MRP14 and Calgranulin B) are pro-inflammatory members of the S100 family of secreted calcium binding proteins (1, 2). The 10 kDa S100A8 and 14 kDa S100A9 each contain two EF-hand calcium binding motifs. Mouse S100A8 shares 57% and 80% amino acid (aa) sequence identity with human and rat S100A8, respectively. Mouse S100A9 shares 57% and 79% amino acid sequence identity with human and rat S100A9, respectively (3, 4). S100A8 and S100A9 can associate into non-covalent homodimers and 34-35 kDa heterodimers known as S100A8/9 or Calprotectin. The presence of calcium and zinc also induces the formation of the tetramer (5, 6). S100A8 and S100A9 are up-regulated in neutrophils, monocytes, Schwann cells, and keratinocytes at sites of inflammation (7-13). The S100A8/9 heterodimer is elevated in rheumatoid arthritis synovial fluid and in the serum of cardiovascular disease, atopic dermatitis, and psoriatic arthritis patients (1, 9, 13-15). It exerts its effects through the receptors RAGE and TLR4 (11, 16). The heterodimer promotes neutrophil infiltration into sites of inflammation and inflammatory cytokine production by monocytes (5, 8, 9, 12). It promotes astrocyte proliferation (16) and the suppression of tumor growth by promoting the influx and activation of NK cells (10, 11). The S100A8/9 heterodimer additionally binds to unsaturated fatty acids such as arachidonic acid (7), and it sequesters manganese, thereby restricting the growth of Mn-dependent bacteria (17).

• References:

1. Averill, M.M. et al. (2012) Arterioscler. Thromb. Vasc. Biol. 32:223.

2. Kerkhoff, C. et al. (2012) Exp. Dermatol. 21:822.

3. Lagasse, E. and I.L. Weissman (1992) Blood 79:1907.

4. Lackmann, M. et al. (1993) J. Immunol. 150:2981.

5. Ryckman, C. et al. (2003) J. Immunol. 170:3233.

6. Vogl, T. et al. (2006) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 1763:1298.

7. Siegenthaler, G. et al. (1997) J. Biol. Chem. 272:9371.

8. Volz, H.C. et al. (2012) Basic Res. Cardiol. 107:250.

9. Sunahori, K. et al. (2006) Arthritis Res. Ther. 8:R69.

10. Zhang, L. et al. (2015) Mol. Med. Rep. 11:4093.

11. Narumi, K. et al. (2015) J. Immunol. 194:5539.

12. Chernov, A.V. et al. (2015) J. Biol. Chem. 290:11771.

13. Jin, S. et al. (2014) Exp. Dermatol. 23:938.

14. Vogl, T. et al. (2014) Nat. Commun. 5:4593.

15. Hansson, C. et al. (2014) J. Immunol. Res. 2014:696415.

16. Ryu, M-J. et al. (2012) J. Biol. Chem. 287:22948.

17. Damo, S.M. et al. (2013) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 110:3841.

• Long Name:

  S100 Calcium Binding Protein A8/S100 Calcium Binding Protein A9

• Entrez Gene IDs:

  6279 (Human)

• Alternate Names:

  Calprotectin; S100A8/S100A9 Heterodimer